Macbeth: A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

Tragedy occurs to some more often to others, but more or less define it differently. Websters Dictionary defines it as a kind of drama in which some fatal or mournful event occurs (764). To philosophers and traditional writers philosophy takes on another meaning. For example, to famous philosophical figure Aristotle, tragedy occurs when noble or great persons are conduct, through pride or a unkn take flaw in their personalities, to suffering that changes their fortune. The tragic hero must begin in a high position and end in death or some sort of degraded role (Definitions of Tragedy). Based on human nature, Aristotles philosophy of tragedy, and current literary criticism of Shakespeares Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, is classify as a tragic hero.Born in 384 B.C. at Stagirus, well known philosopher Aristotle was a student to Plato for over twenty years. Growing up on this Greek Colony and attending lectures, he acquired and retained new information. His father was a well known physician and scientist therefore Aristotles knowledge was broadened by his father. Unlike Plato, Aristotle studied the natural and sensory world while Plato used his reason, Aristotle used his senses (Gaarder 107) He said that things that are in the human soul were strictly reflections of natural objects (Gaarder 107). Aristotle believed that reason is mans most distinguishing characteristic Macbeth had great lack of reason. When the first murder occurred, Macbeth did not anticipate the outcomes of the events, thus is soul was infected with selfish thought, and to him, naught else mattered. A human soul in Aristotles words is the perfect expression or realization of a natural body, which Macbeth follows (Aristotle). His internal instinct led his actions and soon to his main goal. Fellow philosopher Democritus, (460-370 B.C.), believed that all men are just mechanical and made up of different substances (Gaarder 44). If, his belief that there is no uncanny fore in nature, and everything happens mechanically is true, then Macbeth could not control his actions thus is innocent of his crimes. To Macbeth, it meant that he was destined to become king, and mechanically could not manage his own actions. This is because Macbeths imagination is plunging deeper and deeper into unreality, and turns into uncontrollable desires and wants (Knight 42). These two elements of soul and imagination are able to cause a dreadful combination of tragedy and misfortune. A Shakespearian critic implies that, once caught by the devils bait, only at the end he is able to express his inward state openly (Davidson 92).

culture and conflict :: essays research papers

The culture of conflict is just as important as the conflict itself. The reasons for conflict and the upcountry agony of pride are all do to culture. The epic poem of Gilgamesh, and The Odyssey, the story of Genesis have numerous forms of many conflicts. Cultural conflicts have many different forms, notwithstanding pride is usually at the root of all of them.The book of Gilgamesh has many conflicts, and battles. Gilgamesh was a flashy warrior and leader that resolved everything with primitive actions. He was a conflict all his own because the towns people didnt like his leadership. His acts of womanizing and mistreating the towns people is what caused this hatred towards him. They all wished for an meet to come. Enkido was a forest man that was an equal to Gilgamesh. He came, and at first wasnt an equal to Gilgamesh, but a rival. Gilgamesh and Enkido battled through the streets of the town. These actions were pride based and human nature must have had an impact. In anything once a leader is challenged he will do anything to keep his leadership and step up to the occasion. In this case, Gilgamesh the leader was challenged. Enkido stood, guardian on the doorway of the martial chamber, To block the way of the king,The aura and power of the wild ox, Gilgamesh,Who was coming to the chamber and take his bride.Stormy heart struggled with stormy heart,As Gilgamesh met Enkido in his rage,At the marital threshold they wrestled, bulls contendingThe doorposts shook and shattered the wrestling staggered. (Gilgamesh_14,15)Once the battle ended, Gilgamesh knew that they were equal. Being the leader that he was, he decided not to be rivals, but be friends. They decide to travel to the forest of Cedars, where they set to challenge the org Huwawa. Enkido doesnt want to proceed with this thought but Gigamesh wants to continue. They show up and battle the divine guardian, kill him, cut down the forest, cut off Huwanas head as a trophy, build a raft, and head back to Uruk. Th e really only heathen experience in this battle isnt just the battle itself, but after the battle when they cut off Huwawas head and made it into a trophy. reservation his head into a trophy exemplifies their in their great victory. It demonstrates was gained and shows that they had something to remember it by.

Haile Selassie King of Kings, Conquering Lion of the tribe of Judah Ess

Haile Selassie King of Kings, Conquering Lion of the tribe of JudahWhen Ras Tafari Makonnen took the imperial throne in Ethiopia in 1930 as Haile Selassie I, a new movement was born in Jamaica. The crowning of a Black King? Was this not what Marcus Garvey told his Jamaican followers 15 years earlier when he saidLook to Africa for the crowning of a Black King he shall be the Redeemer(BARRETT 8 1)?Selassie would prove to be one of Ethiopias most noble leaders. He pushed education for his people. He made a valiant effort to drag Ethiopia out of its stagnant state of unpaved roads, minimal schools, very little education and no say in international affairs. He looked and carried himself like a king. The Ethiopian emperor traditionally took the backing King of Kings, Lion of the tribe of Judah as a title.There are over seventy different ethnic groups within Ethiopias mountains. The dominant group were the Amharas. Selassie was an Amharic, and the political sympathies traditionally was predominantly Amharic.The people of Jamaica in 1930 were in a hopeless situation. They had been exploited from the first days of slavery on the island. There were minimal opportunities for improvement. With such Biblical inferences and a contrast to the leading, predominantly white, governments of the world, it is not hard to believe that a people of such strong faith would accept this new Emperor as their living savior. The Rastafarians were born out of desperation. They had nothing and were going no where. Haile Selassie was a symbol to them that the black man could be strong, contrary to what they saw in their own country. Ethiopia was a black nation that had been independent for thousands of years, despite its African neighbors (with the ... ...o he label him a savior remains a personal belief. Bibliography Barrett, Leonard E., elder The Rastafarians. Beacon Press Books. (Boston, MA). 1997.Clapham, Christopher. Haile- Selassies Government. Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. (New York, NY). 1969.Felleman, Adam. Unofficial Selassie I Archives. http/ /web.syr.edu/ affellem/Gorham, Charles. The Lion of Judah A life of Haile Selassie Emperor of Ethiopia . Ariel Books, New York. 1966.Harrison, Michael. Selassie Home Page, Roots and Culture. August 10,1997. http//wwwjah.comKaleidescope. Haile Selassie Biography. 1998.Kapuscinski, Ryszard. The Downfall of an Autocrat. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. (NewYork,NY). 1978.Lefort, Rene. Ethiopia An unorthodox Revolution?. Zed Press. (Totowa, NJ). 1983.Scott, William R. Sons of Shebas Race. Indiana University Press (Indianapolis, IN). 1993.

State and Church Essay -- essays research papers fc

Christopher Columbus and Cabeza de Vaca were two known adventurers, one macrocosm an explorer and the other as a treasurer. Both men had grand reputations, which led to positions of high status. Cabeza de Vaca became the treasurer on an expedition to explore the Gulf coast as a young noble gentleman and Christopher Columbus went on numerous expeditions to explore lands of treasure and jewels of all sorts. Both men explored in a time in which the lands were controlled by church service and state and because of this, pressure of enormous amounts were located on the shoulders of these men. The misfortunes these men encountered on their expeditions led them to choose a side in which they tried to disguise their true outcomes. Cabeza de Vaca and Christopher Columbus used the power the church possessed and embellished in the literary works as a means to escape ridicule and or conviction from the state.One can get a experience from the works of Cabeza de Vaca that he went through ha rdship when captured by the Indians. In addition you can a sense that he uses much imagery of his men being killed and picked off one by one because he knew that the state and church would read his writings. My opinion of chapter seven is very skeptical because I feel that Cabeza de Vaca precious to show the state and church that life over in the New World was very troubling and full of challenges so great no man can bare. He embellishes his writings in purpose of being forgiven for the money and manpower spent on the expedition. In chapter seven Cabeza de Vaca shows in his writings how he was attacked numerous times, The day following, others came against us from a town on the opposite side of the lake, and attacked us as the first had done, escaping in the same way, pg. 1 leave out one who was also slain (pg. 130). He keeps showing the reader that he was attacked numerous times but yet the Indians escaped the same way as the first did. These accounts could show the church that Cab eza de Vaca was strong in his encounters with harsh conditions and that these experie... ...ed this statement with the hoping he will return to explore because he feels that the third voyage did not find riches and other valuable items.Both men used the church to somewhat cover up the unsuccessful expeditions and voyages that occurred. I feel that the writings were intentional in the fact they were not only made to keep accounts but also to show the church that they are still skilled as before they left. They also write with a manner in which they want to be rewarded somehow for their findings or misfortunes they encountered in such harsh conditions. Pg. 4 full treatment CitedColumbus, Christopher. The Four Voyages of Columbus. Trans. J.M. Cohen1969.Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez. Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Trans. Buckingham Smith. 1871.

An Inspector Calls - The Role Of the Inspector Essay -- English Litera

An Inspector calls - The Role Of the Inspector.The character of Inspector Goole is the catalyst for the eveningsevents and is quite a mystery and fascination to many people. He isdescribed and comes across as able to create an impression ofmassiveness, solidity and purposefulness He speaks carefully,weightily and has a disconcerting habit of sceneing clayey at the personhe addresses. I will be carefully looking at how he manages to be sopowerful and authoritative, mainly concentrating on the specificlanguage and use of rhetorical speaking that he uses throughout theplay. I will also mention the mystery of whether the inspector was animpostor and look at the broad possibilities, of which he may be,One of the most effective things that the Inspector manages to do isto have large power and control over the other(a) characters and is seenby the reader as an immense man, despite the stage directions clearlystating that he need not be big. He appears to be massive becauseof the stares h e gives people, and how he makes them experience so uneasy.He often stares the truth out of a character by doing so until theyadmit to have not been sincere with their story. He has adisconcerting way of speaking, a certain tone and pace of his voice,but also cleverly structures sentences as if he has planned it all outand utilize rhetorical speaking.He asks question after question, to the Birlings always receivinginformation but neer giving anything, the most striking thing beingthat he is never once surprised at what he hears, as if he knowseverything even before he hears it. On the account for the inspectorsknowing and understanding the history of Eva Smith, Sheila saysWhy - you dart - he knows... ...ewit all already, and then involved himself giving his view on theiractions, criticising and blaming them.He seems very un schoolmaster and gets too worked up and emotional on much(prenominal) small thingsDont stammer and yammer at me again, man. Im losing all patiencewith you p eopleThis is a very unprofessional thing to say and shows that he does nottreat the Birlings with the professional respect that should beexpected.For dramatic effect he also goes into unnecessary detail of how Evasuffered and at some points gets quite personal and delicate with whathe tells the Birlings near her. Again this is very unprofessional.No one will ever know exactly who the Inspector is, whether he is atime traveller from the future, Eva smiths ghost? And this leaves agreat sense of mystery about the play, which I believe is one of itsgreat qualities.

An Inspector Calls - The Role Of the Inspector Essay -- English Litera

An Inspector calls - The Role Of the Inspector.The character of Inspector Goole is the catalyst for the eveningsevents and is quite a mystery and fascination to many people. He is draw and comes across as able to create an impression ofmassiveness, solidity and purposefulness He speaks carefully,weightily and has a put off habit of looking hard at the personhe addresses. I will be carefully looking at how he manages to be sopowerful and authoritative, mainly c erstntrating on the proper(postnominal)language and use of rhetorical speaking that he uses throughout theplay. I will also mention the mystery of whether the inspector was animpostor and look at the broad possibilities, of which he may be,One of the most effective things that the Inspector manages to do isto have large power and control over the other characters and is seenby the reader as an immense man, despite the stage directions clearlystating that he need not be big. He appears to be massive becauseof the stares he giv es people, and how he makes them feel so uneasy.He often stares the truth out of a character by doing so until theyadmit to have not been sincere with their story. He has adisconcerting way of speaking, a certain tone and pace of his voice,but also cleverly structures sentences as if he has planned it all outand using rhetorical speaking.He asks question after question, to the Birlings always receivinginformation but never giving anything, the most striking thing beingthat he is never once surprised at what he hears, as if he knowseverything even before he hears it. On the account for the inspectorsknowing and understanding the history of Eva Smith, Sheila saysWhy - you fool - he knows... ...ewit all already, and then involved himself giving his view on theiractions, criticising and blaming them.He seems very unprofessional and gets too worked up and emotional onsuch scummy thingsDont stammer and yammer at me again, man. Im losing all patiencewith you peopleThis is a very unprofes sional thing to say and shows that he does nottreat the Birlings with the professional extol that should beexpected.For dramatic effect he also goes into unnecessary detail of how Evasuffered and at some points gets quite personal and delicate with whathe tells the Birlings about her. over again this is very unprofessional.No one will ever know exactly who the Inspector is, whether he is atime traveller from the future, Eva smiths ghost? And this leaves a grand sense of mystery about the play, which I believe is one of itsgreat qualities.

Effects of world war 2 on american society Essay

manhood warfare 2 brought many new ideas and changes to American life. Even though World War 2 brought no physical destruction to the United States mainland, it did affect American society in numerous ways. (Roark). World War 2s effect on American society include a change in the employment with an increase in industry and an robust economy, a look at Americas own prejudices, and shortages in everyday life.With the war overseas, American companies stopped producing the goods of American life and created goods needed to fight a war. The increase in production helped to rebuild the nation after the Great Depression. This economy also decreased unemployment, achieving what the programs of the New Deal had intended to do. With many men off to war, women were brought into the work show up and a new trend began in the American industrial society. Women took up jobs in industry that had once been reserved for men. They worked in the factories as riveters, welders, and heavy appliance ope rators. By 1945, women made up 36% of the nations total workforce. (http//us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures /lecture21.html)With a war overseas Americans were hale to look at their own prejudices on the home front. While Hitler and Nazism supported the elimination of the non-Arian German, African Americans and other cultures of the United States fought to gain the respect of the United States. While whites and American males fought in the wars of the old numerous other cultures saw World War 2 as a war to show their worth. Cultures such as African Americans, Native Americans, and Chinese Americans fought side by side to fight for America.Another effect of World War 2 was that of price controls and the shortage of supplies. Price controls were put in place to control a lower price on items in short supply. One item that was in short supply was that of gas. This was due to a crew of the need for its use overseas and the sinking of oil tankers in the Atlantic. Other items such as rubber were also in short supply, thus Americans were forced to do less driving and traveling during the time of the war. In order to provide food for soldiers overseas as well as for the rest of the American people, the government began a campaign to supply fruits and vegetables to all. This campaign became known as VictoryGardens, and contributed 40% of the vegetables grown in the country during the war.The United States changed for the better with World War II. First the manufacturing of goods for American allies and then American forces helped to rebuild the national economy after the Great Depression. Secondly the United States policy of isolation was abandoned with the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Americans realized that europium was only a pond away. Also after a buildup of the army the United States become a leading military power. With the war fought over in Europe, the United States was also spared with the physical destruction faced by Europe in this the US economy was able to dominate the world. This ultimately led to the status that the United States has today, as being a worldly power.

Dynamic Open House

Running head Team 2 DYNAMIC OPEN HOUSE Team 2 Dynamic bold digest Project visualise Approach WIN 508 Team 2 Michael Beaton John G. Bell Scott Traynor Antioch University Seattle Table of Contents Introduction3 Design Process3 Designer-Client Conversations4 Design Elements7 Room habituate curriculum Dividers and Breakout Rooms7 Presentation PowerPoint and Video10 Graphics Large Scale and Flyers13 Other design elements17 Introduction The Center for Creative Change (C3) periodically puts on an splay kinsfolk.The declare House is a 2-hour instauration to prospective graduate students, to both answer their questions and to excite them nearly the opportunity that C3 provides. While the current sacrifice House is adequate there is a sense that it is could be better. Toward this culture, the lymph glands put one across engaged the design squad to facilitate the catchment of ideas that will reinvigorate the Open House manifestation. As clients, Wendy Olsen and Farouk Seif represent C3 and Antioch. Design Team2 is comprised of John Bell, Scott Traynor and Michael Beaton.The team met twice with the Wendy Olsen and once with Farouk. The clients and the design team used collaboration and lively discussion to discontinue design goals, criteria and constraints. The design team used these goals, criteria and constraints to develop the avocation proposal. Design Process The design team worked to identify characteristics of the current Open House d nonpareil conversations with the clients about the Open House, the design teams own student experience and cogitate throngs that had been conducted in a previous quarter.Elements of the brisk Open House and of the Antioch experience were taken as examples from which particularised qualities could be discerned. These specific qualities were goals, criteria and constraints that the design team explored during the design process. The design team entered the collaborative process with an existential, ethnograph ic approach. Designer-Client Conversations During our conversations we explored the string out accommodate as it currently is presented as a basis for inquiring into the intent and purpose of the Open House.Two boilersuit design elements, that inform our whole project, were derived. These argon data and excitement. Information The disperse house should provide entropy. The direct way this would be done is to anticipate questions and attempt to develop design elements that best back up that purpose. An separate aspect of providing instruction that is often overlooked is to dish out participants develop and articulate new questions they may not have known to ask. In many cases it will not be possible to answer all the questions for to each one student in the 2 hours available for the Open House.It is important to provide counselling on how to get answers to those questions. Excitement An important goal of the open house is to general excitement for the participants. The po tential students should be excited about Antioch and the opportunity to enroll. Further, the power and staff should be excited by the materialize to do some liaison worth part during the open house presentation. Constraints The design team identify several constraints Time The open house happens on a single day, in the same week as other presentations. there must be some activity for the 2 hours pland. Activities out front and after ar possible. train The open house happens at Antioch, in room 100. some(a) open house presentations use breakout rooms. Budget There is not unlimited funds. There are funds available for one time expenses. There are additional C3 specific funds available, as headspring as the budget provided by the University itself. Criteria The presentation must feature C3 as a whole as head as provide information about the specific degree and certificate plans available. Service as marketing Concise Linking / framework / themes The open house shoul d give the participants an idea of what they would experience as a student. Desired Out lessen From conversations with the clients, the implied purpose of the Open House is to present enough information so practiseees are able to get their questions answered, or have the resources to do so. decide if Antioch is the school for them filter out those for whom Antioch would not be a good fit. Present the C3 program for what it is The overall causa is a marketing event this needs to be kept in mind the desired outcome is excitement in the attendees so the right people are motivated to apply. Design Elements We developed several elements, three of which we will particularly highlight, and several which we have included in this proposal. These design elements have been used to develop a proposed order of business for a dynamic open house that creatively fulfills the requirements articulated by the client. Further iterative dialogue would provide the finishing touches to the propos al. Room Use Program Dividers and Breakout RoomsIn order to address the constraint of time and the quantity of information that needs to be presented we suggest reorganizing the presentation into three separate rooms. The intent of this is to tolerate the main stage to present the most critical information while offloading other information to other rooms. This addresses the issues of presenting the most interesting and essential information, supporting the goal of maintaining audience interest, while still having all the information available and allowing us a more(prenominal) effective use of the time. Break the presentation into 3 main spaces/rooms Maximize information presentation in the time frame allowed o Creating multiple places for participants to move allowing choice in how to get information and questions answered o Offload less essential information from the main presentation to maximize the effectiveness of the time for the essential information. ? Do more with le ss time ? hold for different approaches to communicating the information. I. e. not just lecture or passive participation Main Room o Main presentation. o Incorporate hem in posters or hang from ceiling in space. ? To help bracket the room.Create a more intimate space ? Surround the screen with the program information. See Below. o Program Tables ? Arrange the tables that facilitates ease of movement around the information Allow for 3-4 staff to comfortably be in each program location. Staff the program table with a Faculty member, student, Alumni, and possibly someone representing the work community of interests. o This supports the idea of having information and resources available to address the student at each stage. I. e. Pre student Life as a student Post Graduate Work. ? Add a back panel at each program desk Like a cubical divider panel. Creates a defined space for the program. Creates a different space than simply a desk. A place to present art and other informatio n unique to the program Lighting on each panel. o Highlight the program information o To make the space more inviting than the close fluorescent room lighting. o Add a concierge person to handle the logistics of scheduling appointments ? Wendy indicated that sometimes she gets too involved in logistical details when she should be circulating throughout the room making sure each attendee is acquire their needs met. This also supports the notion of providing attendees students with a next step while they are in the room. Media Break Out room o Create a looping power point presentation o Possibly a looping movie. The idea being to have a place where interesting information is being presented in a multimedia forum where participants can come and go at leisure. Content of this presentation could include faculty interviews, a deeper history of the university, perhaps in depth interviews with employers and clients of Antioch graduates. Experiential Room o Place where participants can experience Antioch as a student ?Interactive ? Sample of a class or lecture (each less than 15mintues ? Life as a Student ? sequel Study Presentation ? Change Project Presentation ? Allowing for easy in and out movement. The overall idea behind these three rooms is to have a layout and relationship between the rooms that are compelling/inviting to for participants to want to visit. It should be easy to move in and out of these various rooms. This core that participants should feel comfortable entering or leaving these rooms at various intervals that allow for their participation in other activities.One way to facilitate this would be to have the looping media be short enough that there are opportunities to join or leave. Other activities in the experiential room should have morphological breaks such that one would not feel rude entering or leaving at some frequent interval. Presentation PowerPoint and Video In the existing open house, most of the content that fills out the struc ture is fluid. The static content is comprised of a PowerPoint presentation and a video. Therefore, these are the point when the most consistent information is provided.Any reassigns to the open house must preserve this function or find another method to provide consistent information. During our meetings with the client, we identified that the PowerPoint presentation currently contains a very important element. The video interview with an employer is an element to which many participants pay close attention. Any changes to the open house must preserve this element or devise another method for ontogenesis the same combination of excitement about possibilities and information about life after graduation from an Antioch program.The team identified several overlaps in content in the PowerPoint and video. There was video in the PowerPoint, even though there was already a video component to the presentation. The PowerPoint presentation also included elements that were quoteed in other parts of the overall program, such as quotes from students. Furthermore, the quotes from students in the PowerPoint are flashed on the screen and the audience is leftover to read them individually, which is less exciting and engaging than other opportunities for communicating with current students.The design team approached the PowerPoint presentation with special care. As a group we are especially sensitive to the way that such presentations are often misused as a native think instead of being an aid to the presenter. Our groups observations of the status quo open house included points where the participants were asked to read the slides themselves, where the presenter merely read the slide aloud and where the slides did not appear to fulfill the endeavor of providing information and generating excitement about Antioch.Each slide was examined for intent. This intent was then used to evaluate if the slide fulfilled the purpose it was created. The design team determined that the presentation could be both shorter and richer in content. One of the elements that we have enhanced overall in the dynamic open house proposal is the collateral information provided. Some of this will be described in the next section, but we determined that the place for information about the overall structure of C3, and the framework for the course schedule is in the PowerPoint presentation.We want to highlight the section of the presentation on which we focused the most. The design team and clients together recognized that there were a number of topics of overall C3 design that were not being communicated as well as they could be. In our meetings, we determined that very little was being said about the case study, change project and thesis. Further, the relationship between then classes was not being shown. The design team took the class schedule slides as a primary place where re-design could help with the overall goals of the open house.We developed a new, more dynamic, way to d isplay the 2-year program that highlights the themes of the canton The new design also displays links between the classes and the primary projects of the degree, such as linking RP1 to the case study and connecting the classes that are components of the 1st certificate The video interview with an employer consistently draws the attention of the participants. In our conversation, we were able to abstract from this specific instance the need to highlight what graduates of the Centers programs do after graduating.In the previous design element we paid particular attention to increasing the chance for participants to interact with alumni, employers and RP2 host identify representatives. We further support this by including alumni at each degree table. Graphics Large Scale and Flyers During our conversation with the client we have also identified that there are important elements to the whole student career that are not well represented. There is a framework of relationships between t he classes that is not well expressed by the current materials.These interconnections are an important element of information that can be provided, but is not currently well represented. Further, a well-developed and concise presentation of the framework for the student experience is likely to increase participant excitement for the program as a whole. In focus groups, the interdisciplinary, collaborative nature of the program is often mentioned as important for current students. Further, presenting the whole, instead of just components, in the presentation will model a primary element of the Antioch experience Wholism.The client also stated that there have been times with participants would want to see the Power Point Presentation again for more details. This process is very time consuming and requires a staff member to focus a large amount of time to one participant. We suggest one new design and a redesign of existing visual aids. The new design would be a wall mounted poster lis ting the quarters and classes needed for completion for the C3 Program. This poster should be large enough to see from any where in the room.It would act as a visual aid when explaining each phase of curriculum, including the classes, case study, change project, Thesis, Certificates, Caucus, Reflective Practicum and the themes for each quarter. This would allow multiple people to view the poster at the same time and free up one staff member. Our next suggestion is to improve the handbills that we currently have and redesign them. Our team identified several improvements that were identified in conversations with our client. We would suggest the following flyers (see appendix for examples) Center for Creative Change Whole Systems Design Management Environment and Community Organizational Psychology Graduate Certificates History of Antioch Frequently Asked Questions theme Study & Change Project The C3, WSD, GMP, ENC, and OPP would all have the same information about the first year o f classes including RP1, Caucus and the Core Courses. They would also list the requirements for the Case Study and the themes for each quarter. The rest of the flyer will list program specific information including sample of classes that are required. They will have information associate to alumni and where you might go after completing this program.The Graduate Certificate Flyer will have information related to these programs, including alumni and what benefits you might gain by having these certificates Our client specifically talked about the lack of information they have about the history of Antioch. The history is rich and very worthy to share with the participants. This flyer should address that information the client would like to share. While each program could include an FAQ tailored to fit their flyer, we feel that there are common questions being asked across the programs. This flyer should address those FAQ as well as information about the school.This flyer should/could go hand in hand with the C3 flyer. Information tailored to fit the entire C3 program. One of the main topics not discussed in detail is the Case Study and Change Project. In our conversations with the client, we also determined that little emphasis is placed on the case study and the change project during the entire open house. These are important elements of information, and likely to be the catalyst for excitement from the participants about the program as a whole. in focus groups, the practical component is one element than many current students cite as important in their decision to attend the university.Proposed Agenda An agenda for the evening should be prominently posted. This provides context for the experience and also will help to simulate the experience of the participants as Antioch students. The design team has combined the design elements into a program for the evening. Other design elements Playing with the constraints of time and place, this design team was able to develop several ideas that met the criteria of the open house in other formats. Antioch TV One way to generate excitement about Antioch and to develop a conduit for information about what Antioch is like for students would be to develop alternate delivery methods.For example, some Universities provide lectures via local cable or as videos that can be ordered. Presenting this first as a service to the community provides marketing as a benefit. Alternate Weekend trendes for the Community Highlighting the notion that service to the community is marketing, the design team developed the notion that C3 could prolong 1-credit classes to the community on a weekend that alternated from residencies. This would provide many of the experiential, interactive elements to familiarize participants with what it is to be an Antioch student as well as performing an as such good service for the community.C3 might find that this alternate weekend becomes an important part of emergent services to itsel f. One option would be to provide experiential labs that were optional components for students able to enroll without requiring out of town students to be on campus outside of residency weekends. This could become a bridge between providing low-residency programs and more intensely engaging programs for those willing and able. Another related notion is to provide lectures before the open house, which are part of the overall program, but not absolutely linked.After developing this notion, the design team was informed by the clients that this had been done on at least one occasion in the past. Other graphics and Packet information In order to give the prospective student better idea of what Antioch is about we propose that the information that is available include ? FAQ Sheet o A page or two that has essential information, phone numbers, perhaps dates and times, along with recurring questions that arise in these sessions and in even in private meetings with advisors. Class Syllabus o To give the prospective student an idea of what the classes are about. They do not have to be the most current. o Maybe have them at each program table. ? Case Study and Change Projects o Illustrating some of the work that students actually do. o Invite students to practice or repeat symposium presentations ? Life after Antioch o i. e. , job placement study, salary surveys, employer testimonials, student/alum testimonials o see below Alumni AssociationWendy indicated that there is a new countersink at Antioch specifically tasked to establish relationships with Antioch Alumni. We believe alumni participation in the Open House is critical to the success of the evening. As noted above we propose to comprise alum into the teams that staff the program tables. Additionally it would be useful for Antioch to institute a survey that would garner information about what Antioch graduates do after getting their degree. Wendy indicated more than once that the section where the employer talks i n the current video is where attendees really perk up.We think this post-degree information should be a focus of the information presented. Specific information that will be useful would be the job sectors graduates move into, perhaps a list of companies that have historically engage graduates, along with some salary survey information. Post Meeting Review Regarding the notion of having materials and the information available to fully address the participants needs it may be useful to have a post meeting debrief session. A review of things that worked, perhaps didnt work and ways to make adjustments for future presentations.One thing we hope would come out in these meetings to get a sense of the type of people that are coming to these sessions and the type of questions are being asked. pay attention to these elements will help keep the system at Antioch open to its potential base of students as well as providing feedback to make the Open House sessions better. Recurring questions or things that the staff find are confusing participants could be addressed in future updates to the FAQ sheet. Where appropriate the information could be added to the Antioch web site as well.

Financial Ratio and Costco

Acct Info for Decision Making Project on Costco wholesale Corp. Costco crowd 2012 History & Background Founded byJames (Jim) SineglandJeffrey H. Brotman,Costco opened its first warehouse inSeattle, Washington, on September 15, 1983. Sinegal had started in wholesale distribution by work forSol expenditureat bothFedMartandPrice Club. Brotman, anattorneyfrom an old Seattle retailing family, had also been involved in retail distribution from an early age. Wal-Martfoundersurface-to-air missile Waltonhad plans to mergeSams Clubwith Price Club.In 1993, however, Costco merged with Price Club (calledClub Pricein the Canadian province ofQuebec). Costcos pedigree model and size were resembling to those of Price Club, which was founded by Sol and Robert Price in 1976 in San Diego, California. Thus, the combined company, PriceCostco, was effectively double the size of each of its parents. Just after the merger, PriceCostco had 206 locations generating $16 zillion in annual sales. PriceCostc o was initially led by executives from both companies, but then Sol and his son Robert Price founded Price Enterprises and left Costco in celestial latitude 1994.In 1993, when growing competition threatened both Price Club and Costco Wholesale, they entered into a partial merger just after Prices earnings dropped to 40%. The new company, named PriceCostco, Inc. , focused heavily on inter study expansion, opening stores in Mexico, South Korea, and England. Despite outstrip efforts to recover losses, sales continued to drop. Disagreement amidst the two leaders, Robert Price and Jim Sinegal, regarding company direction and recovery policies soon left the merger in tatters.In 1994, the breakup was formally announced. Sinegal continued to manage PriceCostco while Prices breakaway company was named as Price Enterprises. The first Price Club location was opened in 1976 in an old airplane hangar,antecedently owned byHoward Hughes, and is still in ope balancen today (Warehouse No. 401, loc ated on Morena Boulevard in San Diego). In 1997, the company changed its name to Costco Wholesale and all Price Club locations were rebranded Costco. As of December 011, the Company operated a chain of 598 warehouses in 40 states and Puerto Rico (433 locations), nine Canadian provinces (82 locations), the United country (22 locations), Korea (seven locations), Taiwan (eight locations, through a 55%-owned subsidiary), Japan (eleven locations), Australia (three locations), and 32 warehouses in Mexico through a 50%-owned joint venture. Financial Highlights Net Revenue course of study 2012 2011 2010 Costco Net Revenue 12,314,000 11,176,000 9,951,000 (Currency in USD) The net revenue of damage increase every year, it was a good sign. division 2012 2011 2010 Costco Net Income 1,709,000 1,462,000 1,303,000 (Currency in USD) COST did better in the fol modesting two age. And COST had most 40. 6 thousand dollars increase from 2011 to 2012. Total Assets Year 2012 2011 2010 Costco Total Ass ets 27,140,000 26,761,000 23,815,000 Costco Total Liabilities 14,779,000 14,759,000 12,986,000 (Currency in USD) The count assets and liability of COST shows that the company acquired a lot of assets on its credit during these three years. That might be not a good sign, because COST might not extradite enough cash.Earnings per Share Year 2012 2011 2010 Costco EPS 3. 89 3. 3 2. 92 Its increasing in every years. It gist COST are profiting during every years so that they can paying the EPS. Financial Ratios Analysis Profitability Ratios 1. Return on Assets (ROA) Year 2011 2010 2009 Costco 5. 78% 5. 69% 5. 09% Return on assets ratio is measured by dividing net income by average total assets. Return on assets represents the cents in profits for every dollar of assets. This measures how efficiently and effectively the company uses its assets to receive profits.These heels tell the ability of Costco to make profit. Costco has a positive net income so that its ROA is increasing past 3 years. 2. Return on Equity (ROE) Year 2011 2010 2009 Costco 12. 81% 12. 50% 11. 31% The Return of Equity is calculated by dividing net profit by total shareholders equity. Return on equity measures a corporations profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the m iodiny shareholders. The number above shows that Costco is with stable growth in past 3 years, however, ROE 15% that forget attract much investors to invest.Effectiveness Ratios 3. Asset Turnover Year 2011 2010 2009 Costco 3. 52 3. 40 3. 35 Asset turnoveris calculated as sales divided by average total assets. It measuresa firms efficiency on using its assets to generate sale. The high uper assets turnover is, tells the better the company does. Costcos assets turnover tells us that it did a better job in 2011 because the ratio increased 0. 12 compared with 2010 which only grew about 0. 05. 4. Inventory Turnover Year 2011 2010 2009 Costco 12. 67 12. 31 11. 94 Inventory turnover is calculated as COGS divided by average parentage.It measures how many an(prenominal) times per year the company sells its inventory. Firms with a low cost strategy want a high inventory turnover, while firms with a differentiation strategy will experience a light inventory turnover. The ratios for Costco are increasing during the three years, and Costco seems to have done a better job in selling their inventory because it sells its inventory faster and faster. Liquidity Ratios 5. reliable Ratio Year Aug. , 2011 Aug. , 2010 Aug. , 2009 Costco 1. 14 1. 16 1. 11 The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities.This ratio measure if a firm has enough in current assets to cover his current liabilities. The current ratios for Costco have gone up during 2009-2010, and decreased during 2010-2011. However, the ratio is greater than 1 which means Costco has enough assets to cover his current liabilities. 6. Quick Ratio Year Aug. , 2011 Aug. , 2010 Aug. , 2009 Costco 0. 55 0. 56 0. 49 The quick ration is calculated by dividing the sum of cash, estimate receivable and short-term investment by current liabilities. As with the current ration, an analyst would want to see a minimum of one for the quick ratio.However, the number above shows that Costcos quick ratio is under 1, which means that Costco is not doing well on its job. It might because Costco has a too big liability to its bank line or Costco has a less current asset to cover its liabilities. Solvency ratios 7. Long-Term Debt to Assets Year Aug. , 2011 Aug. , 2010 Aug. , 2009 Costco 0. 05 0. 09 0. 10 The long-term debt to assets is calculated by dividing long-term debt by total assets. This tells us that if a firm can pay its long-term debt. If a firm does not a ability to pay off its long-term debt, shareholder might be left with nothing.The lower long-term debt is the better ability a firm has to pay its debt. Costco is doing well by keeping the long-term debt ratio (average) around 0. 08 , which means its assets will be enough to pay the long-term debt. 8. Debt to Equity Year Aug. , 2011 Aug. , 2010 Aug. , 2009 Costco 0. 10 0. 20 0. 22 The debt to equity is calculated as dividing total liabilities by total shareholder equity. It tests the ability of the firm to cover its interest payment. The higher the ratio is, the lower the likelihood of default.Costcos debt to equity ratio is quite stable around 0. 10-0. 22 during 2009-2011. Summary According to Costcos 2011 annual report, the Costco Wholesale has a growing rate in making profits. It is one of the largest retail merchant stores in the global market. Unlike most retail operations, it has built its model around providing only what people want to buy quickly or in volumes that make up for its discounting practices. As the economy has slowed, the warehouse discount strategy has come into focus as the go-to source for both consumers and small business add up needs.Costco and its subsidiary companies are mostly like engaged in the operation of membership warehouses in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, through majority owned subsidiaries in Taiwan and Korea, and a 50 percent-owned joint venture in Mexico. Costco operates membership warehouses based on the concept that offering members low prices on a limited selection of nationally branded and private-label products in a wide range of merchandise categories will produce high sales volumes and speedy inventory turnover, management said in a recent filing.Here are the competitive advantages and disadvantages for Toyota based on our research data and analysis Competitive Advantages * come their customer Costco goes after a certain type of customer small business owners who are status conscious and who have money to spend on bargain-priced premium items like Dom Perpignan champagne, luxury watches and tech gadgets. * Deliver bigger nurture, not just lower prices Costco doesnt just offer low prices, it offers except ional(a) bargains on elegant, Treat customer service as an investment, not a cost to be shed Costco has been criticized by some Wall Street analysts for their high labor costs and Costco does pay their employees quite well Costco Wholesale SWOT Analysis Strengths Costco Wholesale offers its customers and consumers lowest prices on a wide range of national and international branded products and goods, in a wide arrange of merchandise categories. The products and services of the Costco Wholesale are reliable as the company deals in best available prize products at competitive prices.The company pays attention to details and has various strengths that add to its success. These factors include rapid turnover of the inventory, running an efficient operate structure, reduced cost of handling of merchandise and generation of high sales volume at each of its store. Costco Wholesale gives preferences to it customers and provides them best value for the money. Weaknesses Costcos business co nditions constantly change because external and internal forces make other business participants to alter their actions.The driving forces in this sector are the major underlying causes changing business and competitive conditions. Operating on a large scale means difficulty in bringing changes to grass root levels Opportunities Costco Wholesale is one of the first companies to have a growing acceptance of internet shopping. Costco created a website in the United States as well as website in Canada to be more effective and competitive in the internet market. The company is constantly working to make its distribution channels stronger and enter new potential markets.By offering value and working more towards developing a strong loyal customer base the company can gain more market share. Threats Warehouse clubs not only compete in one sector or market but it competes with a wide range of other types of retailers which include Wal-Mart Dollar General, supermarkets, global merchandise chains, specialty chains, fuel stations and internet retailers. Their competitiveness changes because the different types of products they deal in. Due to its tremors growth and growing market share, the company has caught the attention of many of the market leaders and its competitors.The industry of wholesale has a number of individual companies that are highly competitive and have very effective strategies. They have actual loyal customer bases and everyone is relentlessly fighting for the greatest market share. Costcos major competitors include Wal-Mart. Recommendation 1. Develop more types of the products. The Costco involved every agreeable of products in the store, but we can see there are just few types of each product, so the optional become less and less.Every customer wants to the lower price at Costco, but they still want to have more choices on each product. And every single product just has the biggest packet so that it may cause to the waste. So the member of the C ostco doesnt have any choices to select the same product, such as the size, color and so on. 2. Improve the tonicity of the products. The strategy of Costco is the right products in the right place for the right price, but the right price should be with the good quality, but some customers said the quality of the clothes is not good.We cannot deny that most of the products have the good quality, but the company should check on every product, or just a subaltern customers unsatisfaction will influence all the customers choice. 3. Increase the amount of the stores. The company has 600 locations wide world. In US, there are 433 locations. As an international global company, Costco should develop more location out of the United States so that it can open a new market in the world. For other countries, the customers are still inconvenient to purchase in the Costco. It will decrease the confidence of Costcos members.The Costcos strategy is the right products in the right place for the r ight price. If the members of other countries doubt the right place, the strategy will be broken. 4. Reduce the prices of some products. The company guarantees the low price and most of the products are, but we still can see a lot of products are more expensive compare to other stores, especially Jewelry. For most customers can understand that the high quality with the high price, but the huge amount of numbers, such as 12,234. 99 will make the members confuse to the strategy of the company

Effects of

Marina little, an 18th century female writer, gets plenty of fan mail, even so she only rarely replies. She feels compelled to answer to one womanhood in particular, Pierce, an older female dreaming to be a writer. Less inspires Pierce by relating to her in some ways. Being a female writer in (1866), she appeals to her character and credibility by sharing personal experiences and shared values. She also informs Pierce about the qualities that she herself has that helped her to succeed.Time and scholarship is what Less feel is necessary to become a successful writer. By making a personal connection between the two women, Less is sufficient to tell Price what it takes. The most important qualities that Less says are needed are wisdom and experience. With that being said, one gains wisdom through experience- you digestnot make your theme believable without it. Using loaded words such as genuine, trashy, and unripe, Less expresses the importance of waiting until you have been more fulfilled in life. Less also appeals to Pierces emotions by stooping to her level to con next more strongly with Price.In this way, Price will take Less advice more to heart. Because this letter is written in 1866, the reader is lead to imply that women had very little rights. Women were given no respect in general, much less while being a woman author. Still today is the 21st century women authors are using pen names so that their readers will see them as equals. They feared their male readers would not extremity to read her books because she is a woman. Considering all of this plus the time period, Price is at a disadvantage. In order to connect to on a more indicate level, Less uses feminism to unite their goals in a world run by men.Less reassures Price that even though she is a woman and although she is monotony she can still do whatever she puts her mind to. Although the reader is unaware of Pierces writing abilities, Less feels confident in her and uses her own credibility to relate the two writers in concert in order to boost Pierces confidence as a writer. Informing Pierce of their common ground, Less persuades her by tapping into her emotions. Because she feels compelled to respond, she also succeeds in motivating Pierce by using rhetorical schemes such as personal experience and the two womens shared values.

Ratio and Financial Statement Analysis Essay

This paper analyzes tools phthisisd in financial outline such as ratios. Financial ratio abridgment is a judicious way for different stakeholders to use for different goals.This paper demonstrates that financial ratio analysis is an important legal instrument to estimate resources and their used. It also demonstrates that despite the fact that financial ratio analysis is an excellent tool, it does deem constraints. In fact, we will examine financial ratio by analyzing they limitations and they benefits.References used in this paper ar from books and journal in a scholarly journal. Presentation of the selective information and the methodology used ar objective they are supported by cases.Is it possible to estimate or evaluate a come withs present and future proceeding? The answer is yes, but you exact tools and learn how to use them. Financial ratio analysis is an excellent tool for companies to evaluate their financial health in order to identify feebleness so as to institu te corrective measures. Financial ratios are first and foremost managers concern because they want to determine what divisions have performed surface. It is as wellspring stockholders concern because they want to know the value of their stock. Financial ratio is used by creditor to determine whether they will receive the m iodiney the loaned to the firm(Parrino, Kindwell, & Bates, 2011).Financial analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent, liquid, or profitable enough to be invested in (Financial Analysis, Investopedia). The purpose of financial statement analysis is to help users in predicting the future. In some other words, ratios are highly important profit tools that help to implement plans that improve profitability, liquidity, financial structure, reordering, leverage, and interest coverage. (Anonymous, 2000). Ratios are often able to help predict performance as well as provide indications of many potential problems. Despite the fact that financial ra tio analysis can provide imminent problems of the conjunctions performance, some important limitation should be noted when using financial ratios. In fact, most financial ratios dont tell the entire story.This paper will analyze the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis, explaining what factors impact the meaningfulness of such measures.Financial ratio analysis is a useful tool for users of financial statement. According to parino et al (2011), ratio analysis simplifies the comprehension of financial statements. They inform the financial variation of the business. Thus, one of the advantages of using this tool is to acquire information about a business. For instance, the complete debt ratio shows the use of debt in a firms capital structure. The higher the debt ratio, the more debt the follow has.Another benefit of using ratio analysis is that they facilitate comparison between different businesses, and between firms which differ in size. As an illustration, let compare the Price-Earning ratio (P/E) of two companies with different business. Recall that P/E ratio is the ratio most people are familiar with and helps one determine whether or not a stock is too high-ticket(prenominal) or a really good deal by looking at the earnings relative to stock price (Siegel, Shim, 2000).As shown above, the ratio helps to grass the trends of price-earnings of these for two different companies with different business thus, the P/E ratio may help an investor to make decision.Financial ratio can also introduce to light a companys performance, strengths and weak points. And so, the firm may looks up areas that would collect additional effort, upgrading and analysis. For instance, a high ratio inventory turnover rate ratio could mean that the company has had unexpectedly strong sales a good sign, or it could mean the firm is not managing its buying as well as it might and inventory that remains in place produces no revenue and increases the approach associated wi th maintaining those inventoriesIn addition, a ratio analysis provides an excellent and countrywide tool that helps investment decisions in the case of investors and lending decision in the case of bankers. (Parrino, Kindwell, & Bates, 2011). An example of this will be a firms need of money to finance its asset. Creditors will look at companys current ratio (current assets divide by current liabilities) to determine a companys ability to weather financial crises, at least in short term. Loans are often attached to this ratio. In the same way, investor looks at companys profitability ratios to measure how much profit a company generates when they are looking where to invest their money.As can be seen, financial ratios are remarkably helpful indicators of a firms performance, and financial situation. Although ratios analyses are useful tool, they should be used prudently.Ratios are only as good as the data upon which they are based and the information with which they are compared. (K ieso, Weygandt, Warfield, 2010)Thus, ratios analysis present some disadvantages.First, ratios are insufficient in themselves as a source of paygrade about the future (Parrino et al, 2011). They just explain interactions involving past data while users are more interested about present and upcoming information ( report for management, 2011). Basically, they give a clue or sign of the business strengths and weak points, and that in short term. Therefore, they should be used as only one of analytical tools in the management. Not to mention that ratios are ineffective when used in isolation. Most financial ratios dont tell the full story. They have to be put side by side over time for the same company or across company or with the sectors average.A single ratio actually does not make a consistent conclusion. It takes more than a ratio to be evaluated to obtain a able action, which makes ratio analyses a little bit complex. For example, the return on asset ratio (ROA), and the profit m argin ratios do not incorporate opportunity cost of risk. Similarly, the return on equity ratio (ROE) ignores cost of capital investments required to generate earnings.Another limitation is that ratio analysis depends on accounting data based on historical coast (Parino et al, 2011). According to Kiesel, the fact that ratio analysis is based on historical cost may lead to distortions in measuring performance. Given that the financial statement does not include any financial changes, a modification in price during the run period may not affect the calculated ratio. In fact, inaccurate assessments of the enterprises financial condition and performance can result from failing to incorporate honest value information ( Kieso and al, 2010)The last limitation of ratio analysis but not the least is the inflation factor. The fact that different inventory military rating (FIFO, LIFO, median(a) cost) may be in use to run a business, when prices tend to rise (inflation factor) the choice of a ccounting method is able to dramatically affect valuation ratios. To put it differently, inflation may render the comparison of financial ratios inappropriate. For instance, one business may use FIFO while another may use LIFO. If this is the case, some of the ratios, such as inventory turnover, and gross profit margin, would be disparate if pricesare rising. Another fact is that the variations of the ratios are shown to be acutely beautiful to recession (Kane, G.D, 1997). In his study, Kane, G.D affirms that value-relevance of many financial ratios are sensitive to the occurrence of recession.As has been noted, accounting policies, and inflation are some factors that have effect on the calculation of ratios.We can therefore argue that ratio analysis is practical tools for users of financial statement. Thus, it simplifies the take ining of financial report, it makes comparison between firms possible, it highlights a companys performance, and it provides an appropriate tool that he lps investor and creditors. We noted that financial ratios have some disadvantages. In fact, they are insufficient in themselves as a source of judgments they are vapid when used in isolation, and they can falsify comparisons when different accounting practices are used. All things considered, I will say that even if ratios analyses have concrete obstacles they fluent are the most useful tool in the financial world. The most important thing to keep in mind is to know how to use them, and understand their limitation.REFERENCE LISTBooks and E-BooksBooksKane, G.D (1997). The effect of recession on ratio analysis. The Mid-Atlantic Journal of Business,33 (1), 19. Retrieve from http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19568525.htmlKieso, D.,E., Weygandt, J.J., Warfield, T.D.(2010). Intermediate Accounting. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, IncParrino, R., Kindwell, D., Bates, T. (2011). fundamental principle of corporatefinance. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc.E-BooksSiegel, J.G., Shim, J.K. ( 200 0). Dictionary of Accounting Terms, Retrieve fromhttp//web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ehostElectronic sourcesAccounting for management, 2011. Retrieve fromhttp//accountingexplained.com/financial/ratios/advantages-limitationshttp//www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mcd/pe-ratiohttp//www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-analysis.aspaxzz1sqK89uaFpicpic

Dance and Movement Teaspoon of Light Project

Keep your eye on the pointer not on the target (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011b) Dance is expressive movement with intent, purpose, and form. It exists in many forms and styles and is practised in all cultures, taking place in a range of contexts for various purposes. Drama is the expression of ideas, feelings and human experience by movement, sound, visual image and the realisation of role. Both Drama and Dance is essential in childrens education and has many arrive ats however also portrays challenges for teachers.In this essay I have explored three education out comes linked to Drama and Dance that were straightforward in the Teaspoon of Light project coordinated by Dr bill OConner in Christchurch, cutting Zealand which was aimed to use drama and saltation education to support children and teachers during the aftermath of the 2011 major earthquake. I have discussed benefits and challenges that may occur by incorporating the following learning outcomes i nto the primary school program Imagining and Creating New Works, using Skills, Techniques and Processes and Making esthetic Choices.The first learning outcome is Imagining and Creative New Works. It is a dimension of drama and dance that focuses on exploring and experimenting with movement to express ideas and feelings (Tasmanian platform, 2007). It includes discovering and creating movement solutions that emerge from a range of starting points and stimuli. There argon benefits and challenges the occur from Imagining and Creating New Works. A benefit to this learning outcome is that through stimuli for guidance, students can interpret their own ideas and this work en resolutions social sensitivity and group cooperation during collaborative work.The Tasmanian Curriculum (2007), states that the ultimate expression of movement is recognised in performance. During A Teaspoon of Light, OConnor told the students of a stimulus the first line of a horizontal surface There was a girl who , when she got out of bed, tripped, and tore her cloth of dreams. (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011a). A discussion consequently emerged about the story. The seven- and eight- year-olds told OConner that if you tear a dream cloth, your dreams disappear.The students then solemnly said that it is the saddest thing that can happen to anyone. OConner asks the students to show him what the girl from the story might look like when she tore her cloth of dreams. Cornett (2011) states the dance is beneficial to the primary school curriculum as it take ons creative problem solving. It is stated that power is put to use to solve problems in every submit matter, including the subject of life (Parrish, 2007 cited in Cornett, 2011). finished the learning outcome of Imagining and Creative New Works the students present key components such as representing ideas and making choices, reinforcing the benefit-stimulus encourages students to explore and experiment with movement to express their personal ideas and feelings. A challenge that Imagining and Creative New Works portrays is the planning component from Drama. This component suggests that the creators of a lesson destiny to be very immediate- working in the here and now (Tasmanian Curriculum, 2007). The challenge is for teachers to be flexible in their sessions.Teachers need to know how and when to change direction in a lesson when a advanced lead appears that is worth proceeding. During A Teaspoon of Light the students involved were continuously participating in whole class unreal worlds, i. e. dream makers, re-creating Sarahs cloth of dreams, using magic rubbers and shaking the dreams with magic spells (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011a). OConner (2011) believes that the imaginary world that was piddled during the sessions was the joy of the work (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, b).He states that as teachers, the session s prime up in different places because the y were prepared to let it. OConner mentions a quote from Dorothy Heathcote related to working on classrooms keep your eye on the arrow not the target (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011b). Wright (2003) describes this challenge in that teachers must be able to communicate expectations, demand and difficulties in a direct and sensitive manner and be able to accept the same level of directness from the children. The teacher needs to watch, listen and fell what the children need and want to express (Wright, 2003).OConner (2011) reflects on his session in A Teaspoon of Light as constantly changing. He believed that deciding in the moment was an important challenge for the teachers and directors. The second learning outcome is using Skills, Techniques and Processes in drama and dance. It is movement based as students manipulate a medium by reorganising, reinterpreting and assimilating movement and design portion in new contexts or for a new purpose. The process involve s working collaboratively to experiment with dramatic techniques in constructing, rehearsing and refining the performance (Tasmanian Curriculum, 2007).There are benefits and challenges for the teachers and students when exploring this outcome. The Tasmanian Curriculum (2007) states that a benefit for Using Skills, Techniques and Processes is the developing of awareness, relationships and appropriate behaviours in dance and drama, leads to an increase in self-esteem and confidence. During A Teaspoon of Light it was shown that the students gained confidence throughout the sessions. Ginny Thorner, a Christchurch artificer showed the students a role-play, demonstrating practical dance skills and drama elements.The students observed Thorners demonstration first before shortly having the opportunity to create their own response to create a whole class experience of moving dreams (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011b). OConner stated that very few of the students had danced before, but through the use of teacher modelling it enabled them to develop their own short dance phrases, and therefore gaining huge amounts of confidence enhancing their opportunity to learn key concepts such as kinaesthetic awareness, performance skills, interaction and planning.It was evident in the clip that as the development of these skills increased, the students self-esteem and confidence increased also, hence being a benefit in the primary school curriculum A challenge that Using Skills, Techniques and Processes may reveal is the call for teachers awareness of and sensitivity to other peoples ideas, physical boundaries, scene and experience. The Tasmanian Curriculum (2007), states in order to manipulate the medium successfully in the classroom context, there are a set of behaviours that should be expect and encouraged during the session, such as respect and empathy.In addition, Cornett (2011) writes that students value the surprising ways peers express ideas through move ment no one dust shape or locomotor movement is right or wrong. In A Teaspoon of Light activities were used where students created their own dance sequence based on what they felt up were expressive movements. The students were also given the task to mirror a partners movement (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011a). There is evidence of the students working in their personal space, and developing awareness of what their body can do.The clip shows students dancing uniquely to how they felt dreams may be brought to life. Students come to de catch fire in the artistry of fellow classmates as they witness the ingenuity of peers (Cornett, 2011). This is a time where teachers and students must be sensitive to other peoples designs. OConner believed this was a time during the sessions that delivered rich, good theatre (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011b). While exploring this learning outcome, teachers awareness of and sensitivity to other students percep tions is critical.The third learning outcome is Making Aesthetic Choices. A sense of aesthetics is deeply personal and students use their knowledge of aesthetic choice to make meaning and to critically appraise the works of others. In drama and dance, aesthetic choices are used to bring out the intention of the performance (Tasmanian Curriculum, 2007). There are both benefits and challenges that array from this learning outcome. A benefit to Making Aesthetic Choices in drama and dance is to deepen sensory awareness and learn to express themselves through the artistic use of pantomime, dialogue and improvisation (Cornett, 2011).Maslow places aesthetic understandings at the top of his motivation pyramid (Cited in Cornett, 2011). Aesthetic Choices are demonstrated in A Tea Spoon of Light when the students wrote a recipe of the things they would use in order to repair the torn cloth of dreams (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011a). Initially the list consisted of their o wn wants, needs and likes bed, to be asleep, pyjamas and lights off. The second list mentioned after some Aesthetic Choices were made, demonstrated a deeper understanding of the purpose.The second list consisted of 1 tsp of light in the darkest tunnel, 10 transfuses of love, 2 tsp of belief, 1/2 cup of adventure, 3/4 cup of hope. The list created by the students produced the rich Stendhal effect, the ah experience of being touched or moved (Lushington 2003, cited in Cornett, 2011). A challenge for successfully in cooperating Making Aesthetic Choices into the primary school curriculum is to be conscientious planning teachers who are knowledgeable about drama strategies and willing to adapt them for specific student needs (Cornett, 2011).In The Teaspoon of Light one occasion demonstrating Aesthetic Choices was the cloud bowl activity. The students decided that they needed an imaginary cloud bowl to mix all the ingredients unneurotic to create the new cloth of dreams. The students we re able to explore and experiment with different types of movement spontaneously and in response to OConners requests (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011a). The students chose what, how, who, when and even what colour in when they were putting their ingredients into the cloud bowl. OConner asked questions to deepen their aesthetic understanding. Is 2 tsp. of belief light or heavy? What colour might it be? And with each description, the element went into the bowl (Faculty of Education, University of Auckland, 2011a). The lesson was successful, but due to the fact that OConner was knowledgeable enough to create a safety net while guiding the students through the activity. He used strategies that enhance students ability to look, discuss, view, review, select, reflect and refine (Tasmanian Curriculum, 2007). Cornett (2011), states that the dance literacy level needed by teachers is contingent upon what their students are expected to know and do.Reason can make out qu estions but imagination has to ask them (Albert Einstein, cited in Cornett, 2011). Learning through drama and dance develops the ability to appreciate and value on dramatic works. Drama develops the courage and persistence to have a go. The Teaspoon of Light project coordinated by Dr Peter OConner in Christchurch demonstrates the learning outcomes of Imagining and Creating New Works, Using Skills, Techniques and Processes and Making Aesthetic Choices which in turn, have both benefits and challenges whilst being in cooperated into the primary school curriculum.References Cornett, C. (2011). Integrating dance and creative movement. In Creating Meaning Through Literature and the Arts (4th ed. ), pp. 255-281. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, USA Faculty of Education, University of Auckland foedauck. (2011a, April 14). Earthquake a teaspoon of light. . Retrieved from http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=jznOhFrSvJY Faculty of Education, University of Auckland foedauck. (2011b, September 4). Earthquake a teaspoon of light (2). .Retrieved from http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZoMpzIzJrFM The Tasmanian Curriculum. (2007). Dance. Retrieved from https//www. education. tas. gov. au/documentcentre/Documents/Tas-Curriculum-K-10-Arts-Syllabus-and-Support. pdf Wright, S. (2003). Dance. In The Arts, Young Children and Learning. (1st ed. ) pp. -230-255. Boston, USA Allyn & Bacon. Wright, S. (2012). Dance-moving beyond steps to ideas. In Children meaning-Making in the Arts (2nd ed. ), pp. 85-114. Sydney Australia, Peason Education Australia.

Asia in Word War II Essay

World War II was the war that was supposed to end all wars. If one was an eyewitness of the said event more than 50 years ago, it is hard not to agree. The scale of the war was unprecedented. Millions of men and women were involved either as fighting in the front lines, being part of the make crew and team or by working as factory workers that supplied equipment and munitions. It was truly a global war because signifi cannistert battles were fought not only in Europe but also in Asia. What the Nazis were to Europe, the Japanese Imperial Army was to Asia.They were a dominant force in countries such as China and Korea. They were adequate to terrorize and subjugate these two countries but it is not only in these territories that they flexed their military might. They also went southeast. This paper provide look into the Japanese occupation of southeastern United States Asian countries a) Philippines b) Indonesia c) Thailand and d) Vietnam. The paper will attempt to find how the peo ple from different regions and nations reacted towards Japanese occupation.Whether the people accepted Japanese rule or rejected them the factors and forces that ar working for and against the Japanese will also be investigated. Occupying Force It does not require a rocket scientist or a gray-haired historian to govern that no people or nation will be delighted to find a foreign and invading army on their front gramme the following morning. It is just plain unacceptable to find someone or something that disrupting someones routine. In the case of an occupying army the distraction and the aggravation is figure many times over.At the onset it can generally be said that no one not even nice people fifty dollar bill years earlier would provide a red carpet welcome for the invading imperial forces. But a basic understanding of human spirit can tell the first time researcher that in times of war the most basic human instinct that kicks in is self-preservation and that he will do everything to make his lot better even for his family. The following will discuss the situation in four Asian countries located in the southeast. tout ensemble switch similarities and also differences.For example, the Philippines was already under U. S. rule although it was being groomed for independence from the Americans. there was a significant military presence and for decades the Filipinos at least the elite and others who occupy important positions were collaborating with the Americans on various political issues. Vietnam was under French forces and based on the review of literature one can comfortably detect the dislike of the Vietnamese for their French rulers. This may explain their ambivalence over the Japanese occupation.Thailand on the other hand did not have a long history of colonization that may also have affected their view of the in approach path Japanese forces. Indonesia was at the beginning stages of forming their national identity and the coming of the J apanese made for an interesting mix that generally favored the Indonesians. A more in-depth look will be found in the following pages. elite vs. Peasants An accurate understanding on the effects of the Japanese Imperial Armys occupation of the southeast region of Asia will not be practical without first understanding the role of the different social classes.Asia fifty or more years ago had a hierarchical society where the gap mingled with rich and poor is so distinct. There were landed nobles and there were peasants doing back breaking labor. When the Japanese came, the invading army was like an equalizer of some sort. There are no rich and poor for the aggressor who is bent on subjugating a populace. For the Japanese soldier everyone is a Filipino, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Thai.Everyone are considered as the enemy which with the slightest good will not hesitate to overthrow or rout the occupying forces. But there are numerous sources and documentary evidence that can prove tacit consent between the ruling elites of the land and the invading army. This is not hard to understand because a wise general will always recognize the clout and talent of the members of the higher social classes in terms of helping them control the situation or on the opposite end aid others in setting up a guerilla movement to harass them.It then became a tricky political and social arrangement between the Japanese and the elite members of society who can be so practical in their outlook that they will be willing to be complicit with the enemy because there is no point in continually opposing their presence. This is the case of all Southeast Asian nations mentioned earlier. Atrocities Another factor that needs to be discussed first before going into the detailed description of topical anesthetic events is the mental and emotional baggage carried around by all the nations in the region even before the coming of the Japanese.This burden that they carry is the idea that the impe rial armys ranks are filled with blood-thirsty and sex crazed officers and men that will mutilate any nation that they will occupy. Before the bombing of the drib permit Harbor which is the clear and irrevocable signal that the Japanese were in league with Hitler and Mussolini the Japanese already showed signs of Nazi like ambitions. While Hitler wanted to gain control of Europe, Japan displayed its liking for Asian domination and so in 1937 the said army invaded China.In Nanking the world saw what Japanese soldiers are capable of when let loose in enemy territory. The following is an eyewitness account of what happened in the days following their invasion of China and it will be known by and by as the infamous Nanking Massacre Foreigners who have traveled over the city report many civilians bodies lying in the streets A considerable percentage of the bushed(p) civilians were the victims of shooting or bayoneting in the afternoon and evening of the 13th, which was the time of J apanese entry into the city.Any person who ran in fear or excitement, and any one who was caught in streets or alleys after dusk by roving patrols was likely to be killed on the spot. Most f the severity was beyond even metaphysical excuse. It proceeded in the Safety Zone as well as elsewhere, and many cases are plainly witnessed by foreigners and reputable Chinese. Some bayonet wounds were barbarously barbarous (Zhang, 2001, p. 4). This kind of report will easily spread throughout the Asian region and it would have easily filtered to the local population of every nation.This will explain the reason why there are those who steeled themselves for Japanese invasion and vowed never to be under Japanese rule. Zhang argues that if the Nanking Massacre did not happen, the Japanese Army would have expected a far better reception in other countries but the atrocities in China was well known and he wrote, At Nanking the Japanese Army has lost much of its reputation, and has thrown away a r emarkable opportunity to gain the respect of foreign opinion (p. 4, 2001).

Framework for the Assessment of Children and their Families Essay

The mannikin for the estimation of kidren in Need and their Families (which I will refer to as the mind modelling in this assignment) is an ecological frame produce that includes personal, intra-personal, inter-personal and sociological influences on development. It was developed in response to findings from a programme of explore on tiddler fortress ( discussion section of Health 1995), and a series of governing eubstance inspections ( complaisant Services Inspectorate 1997a,b). sociable processers often impart to balance the ineluctably of sm exclusively fryren and families with agency requirements, which Davies (1997), points out be often beneathpinned by a juristic mandate thitherfore compositionability is a complex concept in societal toy.The judicial decision poser provides a systematic way of deriveing, analysing, understanding and tempering what is happening to s defendrren and younker people within their families and the wider scene of the commu nity in which they live, (Department of Health, Department for Education and Employment, Home Office, 2000) and the skill in toil and recording an estimate according to Coulshed & Orme (1998 p.26) lies in the ability of passkeys to collect enough of the right kind of randomness and this substructure solely be done in the right kind of environment. Cleaver and Walkers (2003) research involve found that the implementation of the judicial decision framework general has been successful, it has facilitated joint workingbetween agencies having a expectant influence on insurance and archetype in childrens go.The both kidskin Matters policy enterprise was a positive affable policy programme in a lot of respects and a catalyst for radical reform however several(prenominal) of the processes and procedures invaded and undermined the rights of the child to privacy under bind 8 of the European Convention for Human Rights (ECHR), Hoyle, (2008), which I will discuss further in th is assignment.There direct been many criticisms of the appraisal framework and Helm (2011) mentions that even though the quality of judgings ready improved on that point is persistent difficulty with levels and quality of synopsis and a repeated failure amongst professionals to pay sufficient maintenance to what children and puppyish people may be saying approximately their own leases and experiences.Parton (2010) highlights that during the expiration since raw(a)-fashioned 2008 & the tragic death of Baby P, the focus has shifted more(prenominal) centrally to child protection where prior to this period the emphasis was on safeguarding, and there has been a re lateed official priority given to affectionate work to which the developments flummox been given an added impetus with the election of the Conservative/ loose Democrat Coalition administration in May 2010 which generated the Munro review into child protection.I will provide a faultfinding analysis of how relev ant legislation and policy impact on assessing the needs of children and their families and I will discuss shipway that inadequate appraisals can lead to failures. To successfully implement the assessment framework a process has to be followed which requires mixer workers to be skilful and experienced. I will explore ways in which the assessment framework is a useful peckerwood in contemporary social work practice, identifying the significance of put on the line and safeguarding with children and young people and how we can learn from past mistakes. In addition I will discuss near of the dilemmas that social workers face with the assessment process in relation to the rights of children and families.Legislation and indemnity in the nestlingren and Families Assessment FrameworkThe assessment framework was introduced under section (7) of the Local Authority amicable Services travel in 2000 and implemented in April 2001. (Millar & Corby, (2006). It followed the entering of th e nipperren Act (1989) which legitimises actions taken by social workers.The framework builds on the duties of assessment of needs inured out in section (17) and agendum (2) para (3) of the Children Act 1998. (Parker & Bradley, p.18), and builds on responsibilities under section (47) of the Children Act which obliges local authorities to consider making inquires if concerns have been de nonative about a childs well-being or possible maltreatment. Assessments under section (47) involve a sh argond responsibility in consultation with other professionals. Failure to properly implement Section (17) schedule (2) meant that the broader upbeat needs of disadvantaged children was overlooked so the DOH had to refocus social work practice so that child protection concerns were included in the assessment framework.Parker (2007) states that the assessment framework is policy driven and highlights the importance of inter-agency sharing of training and cooperation in working together, whi le emphasising the principles of person-centred, strengths-based practice. It is made up of three domains (triangle) that support the childs developmental needs, the p atomic bout 18nting capacity to respond to those needs and family and environmental factors with the childs welf ar at the centre (Department of Health, 2000a). harmonise to Parton (2010), there was an important shift under the New Labour government away from benefits that were framed primarily in terms of the family to ones that were explicitly child-centred. The Every Child Matters (electronic countermeasures) policy framework a direct response to the Climbie propound was developed within government and championed by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) in September (2003), and underpins the Children Act (2004). The electronic countermeasures joined-up assistants for children and families under one roof so how can anyone dis delegatee that non all(prenominal) child matters? Well, it only a pplied in 150 local consent areas in England and was not scheduled forimplementation in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, which would lead to the assumption that every child matters in England still not in the join Kingdom.Also under the electronic countermeasures framework was a considerable financial investment, made in establishing a universal child surveillance database (Contact Point) and unnumberable areas of activity concerning children but were brigaded under the every child matters brand. The Integrated Children System which built on the assessment framework according to White et al, (2010) disrupted the professional task, engendering a range of unsafe practices and provoked a gathering storm of exploiter resistance, (p.405).Parton (2011, p.16) notes that the Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition government made it clear, aft(prenominal) its election victory in May 2010, that it was the reduction in the universal finance debt that was its overriding and around urgent political priority and immediately set about reducing public expenditure. The new government established an independent review of child protection, chaired by Eileen Munro within three weeks of coming into office, (Parton, 2010, p.2) and the new government in any case began to dismantle key elements of the ECM framework (e.g. Contact Point), and almost consigned the enormous ECM website to the archive ( Butler & Hickman, 2011). Research tells us that when thresholds are likely to be raised if there are limited resources, financial constraints or the pressure of increased workloads, this is a way that organisations can ration responses, by prioritising cases, (Turney et al, 2011), executive summary notes that, where children are overleap or ab utilize evidence indicates that the help they received from services was inadequate.The Munro review is the latest in a long line of policy initiatives in England set up to grapple the challenges for the state and wider society to the chore of child insult. (Parton, 19852006). The review argues that a major precedent why child protection policy and practice has developed in the way that it has in England arises from ostracise and critical responses from the media to professionals, in particular social workers, so improving the public image of social work is key to improving child protection. (Parton,2012, p.158). But the review did not make it clear what it meant by child protection or what it identified as the main aims of the child protection system (p.154)The Assessment emergenceAssessment can be seen as an on-going, continuous and mutual process in which the service user interacts and participates. Darlymple and Burke (2006) explain that participation defines an activity where people are not just listened to or consulted but are also able to influence and achieve change. It is a process of what has happened and what is happening now. (Butler & Hickman, 2011 p.168), and Smale et al. (1993) highlight the approximation of exchange in assessment in which a two-way communication takes place, enabling the views of service users and professionals to be accorded equal respect.The assessment framework describes itself as rooted in child development, (DOH, 2000) therefore it is lively that social workers have a thorough understanding in child development as this is critical for work with children and families. It takes the skill and talent and understanding of a social worker to make sense of the information gathered from different sources and begin the process with the information in front of them. Sometimes the information needs to be collected again and again at the cost of the people using the services, especially if they have already given information to a social worker previously, but the process is an on-going one so in some cases negotiations need to be made with a range of people.Each childs needs should be assessed individually when referred to services. An initial assessment is completed within 7-10 days. The initial assessment gathers information along the three parameters of assessment framework, which determines what services (if any) are required. The tight time constraints can at this point in the assessment framework can influence the initial decisions about where and how to manage referrals. Regan (2001) mentions that the form fill up associated with the assessment framework is a time-consuming obstacle to the process of engaging helpfully with people.(cited in Millar & Corby, 2006, p. 888).The means group assessment which is an in-depth process containing numerous questions, is only necessary if it is clear from the initial assessment that a more detailed assessment is required and if there are safeguarding concerns. It uses the full model of the assessment (the childs needs, the needs within the wider community) and the (capacity of the mentions) and should be done within 35 working days. Current statutory counselling on promoting the heal th and well-being of looked subsequently children (DCSF, 2009) suggests the use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as an early stage screening tool for this objective. (cited in Turney et al, 2011). In social work practice, it is important to agree on the assessment plan with the child and its family so all parties are aware who is going to be doing what and when, and how the assessment will be used to inform overall judgements about the childs needs and subsequent planning, (DOH, 2000a).Two studies conducted by Corby et al, (2002a) who sought the views of 34 sets of parents being assessed under the new framework, concluded that almost all parents were satisfied or had positive views about the initial assessments and two-thirds felt in a similar way about core assessments. Focus groups who also took part in the accept were also positive about initial assessments and had merge views about the core assessments. The majority raised issues about time constraints a nd staff resources. The study doesnt mention, which local authority area the study took place, the ages of the parents or the ethnic origins as this may have made a difference to the outcome.Anti-oppressive and Anti-discriminatory practice when conducting assessments should take into account peoples differences, for example religion, colour or race. If assessments are done correctly it will be person-centred and will include diverse factors such as the gender, sex activity or age of a person, cited in Turney et al, (2011). They also note criticisms of the child development model and that it doesnt take into account the childs disability and suggest that the assessment should include tailoring of templates to recoil their strengths, abilities and needs through their chosen method of communication.Coulshed and Orme (1983) discuss drawbacks to the assessment process in that they could be used to control not just access to services but also disadvantaged sections of the community for example dossiers kept on so-called problem families or those who have assertively sought assistance, and Ahmad (1990) mentions the adjective competitive which is applied to black clients who assert their needs for equitable services and that white assessments fail to take into account black realities and environments. Preston-Shoot, (2003) adds that studies have shown that social workers have a lack of referencing to research and theory in their assessment reports.The components of the assessment framework requires more than just vision. It requires social workers to observe demeanors as well as gather information which can be non-verbal, for example observing facial expressions, looking at attachments with family members, observing body speech communication etc. The message in social worker practice is clear, that when working with children and their families it is vital to have a non-judgemental manner, not to make assumptions when carrying out assessments and intervening with individuals and to keep an open mind. In addition social workers should, maintain adequate and hi-fi note keeping records and should ensure accountability when working in coaction with other organisations.Risk and SafeguardingThe discussion of venture and safeguarding and allocation of resources is a reminder of the power that social workers hold. The assessment framework (Department of Health et al., 2000), attempted to move the focus from the assessment of risk of child abuse and material harm (Department of Health, 2001) to one that was concerned with the idea of risk of impairment to a childs overall development in the context of their family and community environment. (cited in Parton, 2010 p.7).Parton, (2010) discusses that by the early 1990s the child protection and child welfare systems could be characterised in terms of the need toidentify high risk cases so that these could be differentiated from the rest. According to Dale et al., 1986 Parton and Parton, 1989, High-ri sk was conceptualised in terms of riskyness, for it occurred in the small minority of dicey families, and such families were subject to extreme family dysfunctions and violent personalities and were seen as the primary cause of child abuse and needed to be identified so children could be protected. Government guidelines that specifically focused on the protection of children from abuse was reinforced further in the only official guide on the purpose and content of professional assessments from the Department of Health, (1998) guide, Protecting Children A Guide for Social geters Undertaking a Comprehensive Assessment. The guide was specifically designed for social workers in cases where abuse was either substantiated or highly suspected and was concerned with assessments for semipermanent planning in child protection cases. (Parton, 2010, p.6)So how can risk be identified? According to the (2003) Green Paper the risk characteristics of experiencing negative outcomes is concentrate d in children with certain characteristics, and the more risk factors a child had, the more likely it was that they would experience negative outcomes for example poor parenting, crime and anti-social & deviant behaviour are seen to playing key roles and it is stated that identifying factors and intervening early provided a major strategy for overcoming the social exclusion of children and avoiding problems later in feeling. (cited in Parton, 2010, p.10)The Department of Health (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2005), following the introduction of the Children Act (1989) commissioned a series of research studies which reported an over-emphasis on issues of abuse and neglect at the expense of assessing and supporting families. The (SCIE) drafted the report Managing risk and minimising mistakes in services to children and families in 2005. The report based on a pilot study of organisational approaches to risk management and includes opportunities for learning from safeguarding i ncidents. The teams involved in the study were practitioners and service users recruited from England and Wales and fieldwork was conducted in July/August 2004 from both teams. Regarding theneeds assessment, the report mentions that assessing and safeguarding children from significant harm is complex, which means that near misses involves cases where capableness significant harm to children was overlooked.During the referral and assessment stage the near misses arise due to the prioritisation of casesprofessional not having an accurate or full picture of what is happening decisions made by other teams or agenciesThe report concludes that in relation to assessing the needs of children in particular the need to safeguard them from significant harm practitioners commentaries showed that near misses were a regular occurrence and were part and parcel of the job. The report also suggested that latent failures are embedded in the system which include a lack of sufficient resources to meet the needs of children and families. (SCIE, 2005, p.35)The role of social work practice in childrens services in England has in relation to child protection seen a dramatic change. Since late 2008, Parton (2010) mentions that following the Baby Ps tragic death, policy and practice have moved in new directions and the Children and Family Court Advisory and musical accompaniment Service (CAFCASS, 2009) reported that there were almost 50 per cent more care applications to court in the second half of 2008-09 compared with the first half of that year. High-profile and very public criticisms of social workers and other health and welfare professionals in cases of child abuse put increasing pressure on child welfare services in the UK. (Parton, 1985 Butler and Drakeford, (2005). More late the sentencing of 9 Asian men in the Rochdale Grooming case in which critics have highlighted further protection issues amongst professionals.So with clear messages from research, what is the best way for professionals to address issues of risk to children? The report focused primarily on active failures and it states that good practice is to learn from past mistakes and a key means for learning is to prevail the hit the hayledge and expertise from service users and to improve assessment systems promoting the welfare of children and families. (SCIE, 2005). Social workers also need toknow why they are seeking a particular piece of information and how to process it questioning all the information from sources, being intuitive and thinking analytically and critically.Professional issues in relation to rights of children and families and the assessment process.Jones (2001) mentions that social work assessment frameworks in general largely ignore the value of listening and forming supportive relationships, diminish the power of service users to express their concerns effectively, and adds that social workers often have to balance the needs and rights of the child with those of the parents. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) sets out the independent rights of the children, but it also states that the best interests of the child are normally served by supporting the childs family, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, (2005).The (JRF), 2005 study examined the tensions inherent in child and family policy, its implications of human rights legislation for policy development and the extent to which government has managed these responsibilities through the development of appropriate policies and structures for service delivery. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), sets out the parents and children entitlements, including the right for respect for family life enshrined in Article (8).The (2005) study encourages a debate about managing the tensions between policies in support of children and those directed at parents and the family and concludes that contradictions and conflicts in policy in childrens welfare eclipses parents rights, and there is no consistent overview of how interests of family members are managed across the generations. It also states that at local level, Childrens Trusts might be strengthened by changing their name to Children and Family Trusts promote holistic thinking and making their remit explicit. Although the ECHR has been integrated into domestic law through the Human Rights Act, its entitlements are not promoted in social policy and despite signing up to the CRC the government has not incorporated its articles into UK legislation. (JRF, 2005)It is important as part of the assessment process and for a good assessment to keep the focus of the child at the centre of the assessment process. Although this may be a problem with teenagers who are already going through changes and many of whom have estranged relationships with their parents and families. Studies note that there is sometimes an unwillingness of some social workers to intervene with teenagers and evidence from ripe Case Reviews i ndicate that suicide was a common cause of death with teenagers aged between the ages of 16 to 17 years of age. Social workers need to be aware of the dangers and of the impact of non-engagement with teenagers, and agencies need to have appropriate strategies and resources in place to address their needs (Brandon et al., 2008 and 2009 Hicks and Stein, 2010 Stein, 2007) (cited in Turney et al , (2011).The Turney et al, (2011) research article indicates that there are difficulties for many social workers in making and sustaining relationships with children and with representing the childs voice in assessments and evidence shows that on occasions practice has travel short of the standard required. Helm (2011) writes that children and young people have clearly identified that professionals fail to actually listen, not because of a lack of time, but because they focus on adults views and protect themselves from the difficult nature of what they are being told. (p.908)Ferguson, (2001) m entions the difficulties that social workers and other professionals face in such cases of assessing the needs of children while at the alike time trying to engage a mother and father who dont always indirect request the intervention, and research shows that there is considerable evidence that the nature of parental relationships with professionals affect decisions arising from assessments. Turney et al, (2011). Assessments of disabled children raises a number of complexities and challenges for example the child developmental model underpinning the assessment framework can be seen by some social workers as not appropriate for disabled children (Cleaver et al.,2004 Mitchell and Sloper, 2008).Children need support at various stages of the assessment process so as to beable to exercise their own rights. (Butler & Williamson 1994, Darlymple & Hough 1995). The childs views whether expressed verbally or non-verbally and those of relevant people in the childs life to the assessment is us ually sought to get ideas about the best way of helping the child. (Coulshed and Orme, p.26). The assessments of parents relies on verbal communication, but if the parent has learning disabilities or there are language barriers communication could be misinterpreted.A qualitative study carried out by Walker (1999 a,b) in which 15 children aged between 12 and 15 were interviewed for the purpose of viewing childrens experiences of review meetings. Many of the children viewed assessment as formal and bureaucratic, which they said took place on the adults terms, and many wanted to get away from the meetings as soon as possible. One child draw feeling as an outsider, when adults opened their diaries and planned the next meeting without consultation with the child. Some children felt the language used was difficult, and the aim of meetings was to talk about them and not with them.ConclusionThe Assessment Framework is underpinned by child development and an ecological framework developed i n response to findings from a programme of research on child protection. It provides a systematic way for social workers to gather and analyse information and recordings of what is happening to children and young people within their families and the wider community in which they live.Legislation and policy legitimises what actions social workers can take when undertaking assessments. There was an important shift under the New Labour Government in assessment with the Every Child Matters policy framework which was a direct response to the Climbie Report & the death of Victoria Climbie. The ECM framework joined-up childrens services under one roof, but it was only implemented in England, it was a considerable financial investment and established a child surveillance database and countless areas of activity were brigaded under the every child matters brand.Within 3 weeks of coming into office in May 2010, the Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition governments most urgent political prio rity was reducing the public finance debt. The government established an independent review of child protection chaired by Eileen Munro, which is the latest in a long line of policy initiatives in England. The new government dismantled the key elements of the ECM framework almost consigning the enormous ECM website to the archives.The Assessment Framework as a process appears to have been welcomed by professionals and service users, but there have been criticisms. Messages from research tell us that the issues raised from professionals regarding the assessment process were the time constraints and staff resources and usually when there are limited resources, thresholds are likely to be raised and organisations tend to ration responses to their services by prioritising cases, and Turney et al (2011) note that in cases where children are neglected or abused evidence shows that the help they received from services was inadequate.Discussing Risk and Safeguarding according to Parton (201 0) high risk in the early 1990s was conceptualised in terms of dangerousness and occurred in a small minority of dangerous families. But the 2003 Green Paper looks at certain characteristics associated with risk such as poor parenting or anti-social behaviour (deviance) as playing a key role in negative outcomes associated to risk. The Social Care Institute for Excellence 2005 study found that during the referral and assessment stages near misses occurred due to prioritisation over cases and professionals not having an accurate or full picture of what is happening in a childs life and that near misses were part and parcel of the job.The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child notes the best interests of the child are usually served by supporting the child and their family and although the European Convention on Human Rights sets out the parents and children entitlements in Article 8, according to a study conducted by the (2005) Joseph Rowntree Foundation study the entit lementsare not promoted to social policy and despite signing up to the CRC the government has not incorporated its articles into UK legislation.For good assessments it is important that social workers keep the focus on the children and young people and use intuitive skills even though there are difficulties in social work practice in making and sustaining relationships.ReferencesAhmad, A. 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